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Compare Peru (2002) - French Guiana (2001)

Compare Peru (2002) z French Guiana (2001)

 Peru (2002)French Guiana (2001)
 PeruFrench Guiana
Administrative divisions 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali


note: the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments
none (overseas department of France)
Age structure 0-14 years: 34% (male 4,820,892; female 4,671,205)


15-64 years: 61.1% (male 8,598,328; female 8,492,830)


65 years and over: 4.9% (male 627,601; female 738,783) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
30.47% (male 27,669; female 26,428)

15-64 years:
64.05% (male 61,457; female 52,266)

65 years and over:
5.48% (male 4,937; female 4,805) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish rice, manioc (tapioca), sugar, cocoa, vegetables, bananas; cattle, pigs, poultry
Airports 239 (2001) 11 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 49


over 3,047 m: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 20


1,524 to 2,437 m: 13


914 to 1,523 m: 9


under 914 m: 2 (2002)
total:
4

over 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 184


1,524 to 2,437 m: 23


914 to 1,523 m: 61


under 914 m: 100 (2002)
total:
7

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
5 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1,285,220 sq km


land: 1.28 million sq km


water: 5,220 sq km
total:
91,000 sq km

land:
89,150 sq km

water:
1,850 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly smaller than Indiana
Background Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadores in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government. First settled by the French in 1604, French Guiana was the site of notorious penal settlements until 1951. The European Space Agency launches its communication satellites from Kourou.
Birth rate 23.36 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 22.02 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $10.4 billion


expenditures: $10.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.) (2002 est.)
revenues:
$225 million

expenditures:
$390 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1996)
Capital Lima Cayenne
Climate varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
Coastline 2,414 km 378 km
Constitution 31 December 1993 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Peru


conventional short form: Peru


local long form: Republica del Peru


local short form: Peru
conventional long form:
Department of Guiana

conventional short form:
French Guiana

local long form:
none

local short form:
Guyane
Currency nuevo sol (PEN) French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Death rate 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 4.77 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $33.1 billion (2001 est.) $1.2 billion (1988)
Dependency status - overseas department of France
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador John R. DAWSON


embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33


mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000


telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000


FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
none (overseas department of France)
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto DANINO


chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869


FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124


consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)
none (overseas department of France)
Disputes - international dispute with Chile over the economic zone delimited by the maritime boundary; Colombian drug activities penetrate Peruvian border area Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
Economic aid - recipient $895.1 million (1995) (1995) $NA
Economy - overview Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the government and the IMF and World Bank, growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Nino's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent departure from office limited growth in 2000. The downturn in the global economy further depressed growth in 2001. President TOLEDO, who assumed the presidency in July 2001, is working to reinvigorate the economy and reduce unemployment. Economic growth in 2002 is projected to be 3 to 3.5%. The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most important economic activities. The large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding sawmill industry which provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops is limited to the coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated; rice and manioc are the major crops. French Guiana is heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, particularly among younger workers.
Electricity - consumption 18.301 billion kWh (2000) 409.2 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 19.679 billion kWh (2000) 440 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 18%


hydro: 81%


nuclear: 0%


other: 1% (2000)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m
Environment - current issues deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes NA
Environment - international agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
-
Ethnic groups Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%
Exchange rates nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4400 (November 2001), 3.509 (2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.3833 (1999), 2.9300 (1998), 2.6642 (1997) Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


note: Prime Minister Luis SOLARI DE LA FUENTE (since 12 July 2002) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president; DANINO resigned 11 July 2002 and was replaced by Luis SOLARI


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006


election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Dominique VIAN (since NA January 1997)

head of government:
President of the General Council Andre LECANTE (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet:
NA

elections:
French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional Councils are appointed by the members of those councils
Exports $7.3 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) $155 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports - commodities fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing
Exports - partners US 28%, UK 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 6%, Japan, Chile, Brazil (2000) France 62%, Switzerland 7%, US 2% (1997)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath the flag of France is used
GDP purchasing power parity - $132 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1998 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 10%


industry: 35%


services: 55% (2001 est.)
agriculture:
NA%

industry:
NA%

services:
NA%
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $6,000 (1998 est.)
GDP - real growth rate -0.3% (2001 est.) NA%
Geographic coordinates 10 00 S, 76 00 W 4 00 N, 53 00 W
Geography - note shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; remote Lake McIntyre is the ultimate source of the Amazon River mostly an unsettled wilderness
Highways total: 72,900 km


paved: 8,700 km


unpaved: 64,200 km (1999 est.)
total:
1,817 km

paved:
817 km

unpaved:
1,000 km (1998)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 2%


highest 10%: 35% (1996) (1996)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru increased by 8% to 36,600 hectares between 2001 and the end of 2002; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe
Imports $7.4 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.) $625 million (c.i.f., 1997)
Imports - commodities machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals food (grains, processed meat), machinery and transport equipment, fuels and chemicals
Imports - partners US 27%, Chile 8%, Spain 6%, Venezuela 4%, Colombia, Brazil, Japan (2000) France 52%, US 14%, Trinidad and Tobago 6% (1997)
Independence 28 July 1821 (from Spain) none (overseas department of France)
Industrial production growth rate 1.5% (2001 est.) NA%
Industries mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining
Infant mortality rate 38.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 13.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.5% (2001 est.) 2.5% (1992)
International organization participation ABEDA, APEC, CAN, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO FZ, WCL, WFTU
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 10 (2000) 2 (2000)
Irrigated land 11,950 sq km (1998 est.) 20 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana)
Labor force 7.5 million (2000 est.) 58,800 (1997)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, transport, services services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% (1980)
Land boundaries total: 5,536 km


border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
total:
1,183 km

border countries:
Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km
Land use arable land: 2.85%


permanent crops: 0.38%


other: 96.77% (1998 est.)
arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
90%

other:
10% (1996 est.)
Languages Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara French
Legal system based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction French legal system
Legislative branch unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congresso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections:
General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be held NA 2006); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - PS 28.28%, various left parties 22.56%, RPR 15.91%, independents 8.6%, Walwari Committee 6%; seats by party - PS 11, various left parties 9, RPR 6, independents 3, Walwari Committee 2

note:
one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; 2 seats were elected to the French National Assembly on 25 May - 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1, PSG 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.59 years


male: 68.18 years


female: 73.12 years (2002 est.)
total population:
76.3 years

male:
72.97 years

female:
79.79 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 88.3%


male: 94.5%


female: 83% (1995 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
83%

male:
84%

female:
82% (1982 est.)
Location Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname
Map references South America South America
Maritime claims continental shelf: 200 NM


territorial sea: 200 NM
exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,470 GRT/45,451 DWT


ships by type: cargo 4, petroleum tanker 1


note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: United States 1 (2002 est.)
none (2000 est.)
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of France
Military branches Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP), National Police (includes General Police, Security Police, and Technical Police) French Forces, Gendarmerie
Military expenditures - dollar figure $1 billion (FY01) $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.8% (FY01) NA%
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 7,356,395 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
49,495 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 4,944,952 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
32,052 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 17 years of age (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 276,458 (2002 est.) -
National holiday Independence Day, 28 July (1821) Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Nationality noun: Peruvian(s)


adjective: Peruvian
noun:
French Guianese (singular and plural)

adjective:
French Guianese
Natural hazards earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding
Natural resources copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
Net migration rate -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km -
Political parties and leaders American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA (now Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP as of April 2001) [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [Luis SOLARI]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia] Guianese Socialist Party or PSG [Antoine KARAM]; Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Roland HO-WEN-SZE]; Socialist Party or PS [Pierre RIBARDIERE] (may be a subset of PSG); Walwari Committee [Christine TAUBIRA-DELANON]
Political pressure groups and leaders leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] NA
Population 27,949,639 (July 2002 est.) 177,562 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 50% (2000 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 1.66% (2002 est.) 2.74% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas


note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
Cayenne, Degrad des Cannes, Saint-Laurent du Maroni
Radio broadcast stations AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) AM 2, FM 14 (including 6 repeaters), shortwave 6 (including 5 repeaters) (1998)
Radios 6.65 million (1997) 104,000 (1997)
Railways total: 2,102 km


standard gauge: 1,695 km 1.435-m gauge


narrow gauge: 407 km 0.914-m gauge (2001)
0 km (1995)
Religions Roman Catholic 90% Roman Catholic
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female


total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.18 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
1.03 male(s)/female

total population:
1.13 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: adequate for most requirements


domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations


international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
general assessment:
NA

domestic:
fair open wire and microwave radio relay system

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 1.8 million (2000) 47,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 504,995 (1998) NA
Television broadcast stations 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) 3 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)
Terrain western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains
Total fertility rate 2.89 children born/woman (2002 est.) 3.17 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 9%; widespread underemployment (2001 est.) 21.4% (1998)
Waterways 8,808 km


note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
3,300 km navigable by native craft

note:
460 km navigable by small oceangoing vessels and coastal and river steamers
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